![]() Augmenting the network with smart and active control appears as a good option to deal with some of the envisaged issues and to potentially mitigate the need for network reinforcement ( Bala et al., 2012 Navarro-Espinosa A. In this respect, the distribution transformer, one of the most important and robust components operating at the interface between transmission and distribution systems, has limited capabilities to cope with the impact of these new technologies in the electric grid, resulting in potentially increased operational costs and losses ( Aeloiza et al., 2003). Distribution networks have been traditionally designed under the assumption that the only source of power in the grid is the primary substation, and so, the presence of highly variable Distributed Energy Resources (DER) leads to operating situations that were not foreseen in conventional systems ( Walling et al., 2008). The growing presence of distributed generation such as small-scale PV systems, and new types of controllable loads such as electric vehicles (EVs) or electric heat pumps, is increasing the stress on existing distribution systems, creating problems such as voltage rise, thermal overload, higher presence of harmonics and higher system losses ( Walling et al., 2008 Procopiou and Ochoa, 2017). The presented model along with the simulation platform were made publicly available. The contribution of this work is to provide a useful tool that can not only assess and quantify some of the system-level benefits that the HPET can provide, but also allow a network-tailored design of HPETs. The proposed methodology offers enough flexibility to investigate different HPET features, such as power ratings of the Power Electronic Converter, losses, and various strategies for the controlled variables. The results show the HPET losses to be around 1.3 times higher than the conventional transformer losses over the course of the day. In addition, a set of daily simulations were conducted with the HPET supplying a real distribution network modeled in OpenDSS. The model performance is illustrated through various power flow simulations that independently quantify voltage regulation and reactive power compensation capabilities for different power ratings of the Power Electronic Converter. The losses in the Back-to-Back converter are represented through efficiency curves that are assigned individually to the two modules. A particular HPET topology composed of a three-phase three-winding Low-Frequency Transformer coupled with a Back-to-Back converter is modeled as an example. Consequently, this article presents a methodology to develop power flow models of HPET that facilitate the quantification of controllability requirements for voltage, active power and reactive power. Adequate HPET models are needed in order to conduct such system-level studies, which are still not covered in the current literature. Various HPET topologies with different capabilities have been proposed, being necessary to investigate the system benefits that they might provide in possible future scenarios. ![]() Despite this, the HPET has some limitations on the control it can exert due to its fractionally-rated Power Electronic Converter. The Hybrid Power Electronic Transformer (HPET) has been proposed as an efficient and economical solution to some of the problems caused by Distributed Energy Resources and new types of loads in existing AC distribution systems. UCD Energy Institute, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.We can see that for the same voltage, doubling the resistances results in decreasing, more precisely halving the currents.Federico Prystupczuk *, Valentín Rigoni , Alireza Nouri , Ramy Ali , Andrew Keane and Terence O’Donnell In other words, resistance is defined as the ratio of the voltage across a conductor to the current flowing through it.\[R \equiv \frac$ resistor. The proportionality constant is called the resistance of that conductor. Report this adOhm's Law Practice Problems With Solutions for High SchoolĮxperimentally found that when a voltage or potential difference $\Delta V$ is applied across the ends of certain conductors, the current through them is proportional to the applied voltage, that is $I \propto \Delta V$.
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